What must Jamal adjust to improve the lightness and darkness in his photographs?

To improve the lightness and darkness in his photographs, adjusting tone is essential. Tone refers to the range of light and dark areas in an image, which significantly contributes to the overall mood and depth of the photograph. By modifying the tone, Jamal can enhance the shadows and highlights, creating a more balanced and visually appealing image. This adjustment allows for better differentiation between light and dark elements, impacting how the viewer perceives the photograph.

Although brightness also affects how light or dark an image appears, it primarily adjusts the overall luminance rather than the relationship between light and shadow. Contrast increases the difference between the darkest and lightest parts of the image, but it doesn't specifically adjust the fundamental lightness or darkness in isolation. Saturation changes the intensity of colors rather than their brightness, so it wouldn't serve the purpose of managing lightness and darkness effectively. Therefore, focusing on tone is the most direct approach to achieve the desired improvements in lightness and darkness in Jamal's photographs.